At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, Foreign Secretary Cordell Hull and British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden agreed to draft a declaration calling for a “general international organization based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all nations.” A joint statement was issued after a conference of foreign ministers in Moscow in October 1943. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with Soviet Prime Minister Joseph Stalin in Tehran, Iran, in November 1943, he proposed an international organization consisting of an assembly of all member states and a 10-member executive committee to discuss social and economic issues. The United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and China would impose peace as “four policemen.” In the meantime, Allied representatives established a number of task-oriented organizations: the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (May 1943), the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (November 1943), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (April 1944), the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank (July 1944), and the International Civil Aviation Organization. (November 1944). to save future generations from the scourge of war. reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights. To create conditions for the maintenance of justice and compliance with obligations under treaties and other sources of international law, and to promote social progress and a better standard of living in greater freedom. The Council shall establish the existence of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression and shall make recommendations or decide on measures to be taken pursuant to articles 41 and 42 to maintain or restore international peace and security. The Universal Declaration was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948.
Motivated by the experience of previous world wars, the Universal Declaration was the first time that countries had agreed on a comprehensive declaration of inalienable human rights. The Charter of the United Nations requires the United Nations and its Member States to uphold international peace and security, respect international law, achieve a “higher standard of living” for its citizens, address “economic, social, health and related problems” and “promote universal respect for and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, sex, language, or religion. [2] [3] As a charter and founding treaty, its rules and obligations are binding on all members and replace those of other treaties. [1] [4] The Charter entered into force on October 24, 1945 after the ratification of the first five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council – China, [Note 2], the France[Note 3], the Soviet Union[Note 4], the United Kingdom and the United States – and a majority of the other signatories. Subsequently, October 24 was later declared United Nations Day by the United Nations General Assembly. [9] The first United Nations General Assembly, representing the 51 founding members, was opened in London the following January. On the occasion of the fourth anniversary of the entry into force of the Charter, the foundation stone was laid for the current United Nations Headquarters in New York. With 193 contracting parties, most countries in the world have now ratified the Charter.
Pending the entry into force of the special agreements referred to in article 43 which, in the opinion of the Security Council, enable it to begin to exercise its responsibilities under article 42, the parties to the Four Nations Declaration signed at Moscow in October 1943 and the France, in accordance with paragraph 5 of this Declaration, to consult with other Members of the United Nations with a view to taking joint action on behalf of the Organization necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Organization shall, as appropriate, enter into negotiations among the States concerned with a view to the establishment of new specialized agencies necessary for the achievement of the objectives referred to in article 55. All Members undertake, in cooperation with the Organization, to take common and distinct measures to achieve the objectives referred to in Article 55. 2. Non-permanent members of the Security Council are elected for a term of two years. At the first election of non-permanent members after the increase in the membership of the Security Council from eleven to fifteen, two of the four additional members are elected for a term of one year. A member who retires cannot be re-elected immediately. 1. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its members confer on the Security Council the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security and agree that the Security Council shall act on its behalf in the exercise of its functions outside of that responsibility.
The first important step towards the founding of the United Nations was taken from August 21 to October 7, 1944, at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, a meeting of diplomatic experts of the Three Great Powers plus China (a group often referred to as the “Big Four”) held at Dumbarton Oaks, a domain in Washington, D.C., D.C. Although the four countries agreed on the overall objective, structure and function of a new global organization, the conference ended amid persistent disagreements over membership and voting. At the Yalta Conference, a meeting of the Big Three in a Crimean resort in February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin laid the foundation for the provisions of the charter that established the authority of the Security Council. In addition, they reached a provisional agreement on the number of Soviet republics to obtain independent membership of the United Nations.
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